Surgical bleeding can be associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality across all surgical areas. Thus, to avoid complications related to excessive bleeding, numerous products have been developed to achieve hemostasis. The thorough knowledge of these hemostatic measures is required for good results. The aim of the study is to compare the different methods to control bleeding in oral and maxillofacial surgery. An extensive systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Google search using combination of keywords such as bleeding, bleeding control methods, oral surgery, Gelfoam, vasoconstrictors, Chitosan, Floseal, haemcoagulase, Gelatin Sponge, Suturing, and Cautery. The inclusion criteria for the study were articles in English, articles published between January 1, 1990 to June 30, 2016, studies that provide information about bleeding control procedures, complications during head, neck, and face surgery procedures and hemostatic agent and articles based on observational studies and original articles. Exclusion criteria for the study were studies that provided inadequate information, systemic review, research papers, case reports, letters to editor and studies based on animals other than human beings. Total 11 articles were selected for the analysis which included head, face, and neck procedures with/without using bleeding control measures such as pressure application, suturing, cautery, ligation of blood vessel, application of Ankaferd blood stopper, chitosan, Floseal^®, thrombin–gelatin matrix (Tissel^®)/fibrin glue, Gelfoam, and tranexamic acid. Conventional methods are insufficient to control extensive bleeding. However, newer methods or combinations of these methods are required to achieve adequate hemostasis. All hemostatic measures were not covered in this review.

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The aim of this systematic review is to use the principles of evidence-based dentistry to evaluate the outcome of zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) paste as an obturating material in primary teeth pulpectomies. Moderate-to-high success rates are reported with ZOE in preserving chronically infected primary teeth. However, it fails to meet many of the criteria for an ideal obturating material. Databases searched were PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. Articles published between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 2016, with in vivo studies for obturating materials in primary teeth pulpectomy with placement of preformed crown, reporting follow-up period of at least 12 months with clinical and radiographic success rates were selected for this review. In total, 122 articles were retrieved. After the removal of duplicates and screening, full-text articles were analyzed; of which eight articles were selected for the systematic review. No significant difference was seen in the outcome of obturating materials used in comparison with ZOE in the included studies. Outcomes of ZOE paste obtained with clinical and radiographic evaluation were similar when compared to the newer combinations of materials available for obturating primary teeth today. More number of randomized controlled clinical trials for primary teeth pulpectomies with at least 12 months follow-up period and placement of crown as final restoration need to be carried out for testing the newer materials in comparison with ZOE to conclude a suitable alternative obturating material.

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Mandibular second premolars (MSPs) have varied anatomy ranging from 1 to 3 roots and 1–5 canals. Successful endodontic treatment is achieved by proper access opening, cleaning, and shaping and three-dimensional obturation. This case series describes five cases in which MSPs have been diagnosed with aberrant canal system. The Case 1 and 5 has one root with Vertucci's Type V canal configuration. The Case 2 has two roots with two canals, the Case 3 has one root with Vertucci's Type IV canal configuration, whereas the Case 4 has three roots with three canals. This case series also describes a classification for describing the root configuration. The clinical implications of this paper are first to reach at appropriate diagnosis of canal system using diagnostic aids (angulated radiographs and dental operating microscope). Second, to use advanced endodontic instruments for achieving successful endodontic therapy (NiTi rotary instruments).

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Introduction: Patient health information materials, such as leaflets and posters are widely used by diverse health organizations and professionals as part of patient education or health promotion efforts and in support of preventive, treatment, and compliance objectives. Patient health information can be used to reinforce the information given previously, or it can serve as references to remind people of information they received earlier. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the use of the patient health information materials in the hospital waiting halls by the patient and their perception on these health information materials. Methodology: A questionnaire study was conducted among the patients waiting in general hospitals and dental hospitals of Vikarabad district. A pretested (Cronbach α = 0.81) self-administered questionnaire was developed. Patients waiting in the waiting rooms and aged 18 years and above were included in the survey. Results: A total of 564 participants completed the questionnaires. A total of 141 respondents indicated reading the health information materials present in the waiting rooms. Majority of the participants stated that advertisements in the television will be the best method for promotion of health. More than 50% of the patients face difficulty in understanding the medical terms in the health information material. Conclusions: Study suggests that patients value health information materials in the waiting rooms and they perceive such materials as being helpful in improving health-related management and self-management.

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Talon cusp is one developmental anomaly of tooth that shows varied presentation as mentioned in the literature. The occurrence of talon cusp in the palatal aspect of the maxillary teeth has been the most common of all. These cases tend to occur due to hyperactivity of the enamel organ. The occurrence of this developmental defect in turn can lead to alteration in normal structure and function of the tooth. Hereby, we are reporting a rare occurrence of twin talon's cusp involving the palatal aspect of maxillary central incisor.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in inflammatory components of alkaline phosphatase in dental pulp of patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and nondiabetic patients. Methodology: The study was carried out among 135 participants of the age group between 45 and 65 years, and participants were divided into three groups (n = 45 in each group) – a control group, diabetic with good glycemic control, and diabetic with poor glycemic contro l. After clinical examination with Russell's Periodontal Index, teeth indicated for extraction were extracted, and dental pulp was extirpated. Levels of alkaline phosphatase were assessed by p-nitro-phenylphosphate-2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (IFCC) and kinetic assay method. Results: Mean levels of the inflammatory component of alkaline phosphatase level were more in poorly controlled glycemic level group as compared to other two groups, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Inflammatory mediators may have an impact on the pulpal treatment procedures. The results imply that diabetes is a critical factor that has profound effects upon oral tissues, resulting in expression of inflammatory mediators and modifications of structural components of dental pulp.

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